Economic Development and Electoral Behaviour Among Tribal Communities in Madhya Pradesh: Analysing Livelihood-Driven Political Participation

Abstract

India’s vibrant democracy is shaped by the participation of its diverse communities, among which tribal populations hold a distinctive socio-political identity. In Madhya Pradesh, tribal communities constitute approximately 21% of the total population (as per Census 2011), making them a significant electoral force. Communities such as the Bhils, Gonds, Baigas, Sahariyas, and Korkus not only preserve rich cultural traditions but also exhibit unique patterns of political behaviour. This study focuses on examining the voting behaviour of tribal communities in Madhya Pradesh with respect to their participation trends, influencing factors, and the methods of political mobilisation employed by various actors. The research explores how variables such as education, economic conditions, media exposure, traditional leadership, and government welfare schemes shape the electoral preferences of tribal voters. It also seeks to investigate whether tribal voters are increasingly engaging in issue-based voting (focused on land rights, displacement, employment, etc.) or if identity-based affiliations still dominate their political choices. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative tools. Data collection involved structured interviews, field surveys, and the analysis of electoral data from tribal-dominated districts such as Jhabua, Dindori, and Mandla. Additionally, the research investigates the role of political parties, NGOs, local institutions, and community leaders in the political mobilisation of tribal electorates. Preliminary findings suggest that tribal voters are gradually moving beyond traditional voting patterns and are becoming more conscious of development-related issues, rights, and representation. However, barriers such as illiteracy, poverty, and limited political awareness still pose challenges. Furthermore, political campaigns often fail to effectively align with the real needs and aspirations of tribal communities, resulting in mistrust and disengagement in some areas. This research offers important insights into the evolving nature of tribal political consciousness, contributing to a broader understanding of democratic inclusion in India. By focusing on the tribal vote in Madhya Pradesh, the study aims to inform more responsive electoral strategies and inclusive policy frameworks that acknowledge the agency and voice of marginalised communities within the democratic process.