Enhancing Cost of Quality in Manufacturing Through Lean Six Sigma: A Case Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55578/jdso.2605.004Keywords:
Cost of Quality, Lean Six Sigma, Manufacturing Operations, Quality Management, Operational Performance, Continuous ImprovementAbstract
The Cost of Quality (CoQ) is a critical determinant of competitiveness and operational efficiency in manufacturing. However, CoQ measurement is often disconnected from improvement initiatives, limiting its effectiveness in driving sustained performance gains. This fragmentation—along with inconsistent measurement practices, weak alignment with strategic objectives, sector-specific complexities, and limited data analytics capabilities—restricts the use of CoQ as a strategic decision-making tool. This study proposes an integrated Lean Six Sigma (LSS)-based framework that bridges CoQ measurement and continuous improvement execution. The framework combines standardized CoQ metrics, strategic alignment, and LSS methodologies within a data-driven structure that enables systematic identification, analysis, and reduction of quality-related costs. It further embeds continuous improvement into operational routines, supporting proactive and evidence-based decision-making. The framework is validated through a case study of an Egyptian electrical control panel manufacturer. Implementation aligned strategic objectives with measurable key performance indicators (KPIs) and targeted interventions, achieving substantial improvements: internal failure costs decreased by 33–42%, external failure costs by 33–40%, and overall CoQ by 41.7%. Additionally, process reliability improved by 20.6%, first-pass yield increased by 18.3%, lead time decreased by 28.6%, and unit production costs declined by 20.8%. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework offers a scalable and empirically validated approach for integrating CoQ management with LSS, enhancing cost efficiency and strengthening data-driven decision-making in manufacturing operations.
References
1. O. Barakat and T. Elassimi, “Unveiling the link between quality management maturity and cost of quality management in the Moroccan agrifood sector: a qualitative study,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 234–256, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-02-2025-0057.
2. L. Ayach, A. Anouar, and M. Bouzziri, “Quality cost management in Moroccan industrial companies: Empirical study,” J. Ind. Eng. Manag., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 97, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.3926/jiem.2749.
3. R. Foulad, S. Amellah, S. Jebli, A.-O. Sahib, and A. Bouaziz, “Cost of quality: Literature review, correspondence between models, and a call for a paradigm shift,” Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 39–49, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.21833/ijaas.2023.02.006.
4. O. Moschidis, E. Chatzipetrou, and G. Tsiotras, “Quality costing and quality management maturity in Greece,” Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag., vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 171–191, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1108/IJPPM-08-2016-0152.
5. E. Psomas, C. Dimitrantzou, and F. Vouzas, “Practical implications of cost of quality: a systematic literature review,” Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag., vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 3581–3605, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1108/IJPPM-10-2020-0524.
6. C. Dimitrantzou, E. Psomas, and F. Vouzas, “Future research avenues of cost of quality: a systematic literature review,” TQM J., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1599–1622, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1108/TQM-09-2019-0224.
7. M. Ben Ali, D. B. Mazini, I. Ghailani, and S. Barrijal, “Evaluation of quality cost in a multinational company located in Tangier, Morocco,” Int. J. Product. Qual. Manag., vol. 32, no. 2, p. 216, 2021, doi: 10.1504/IJPQM.2021.113610.
8. M. Sedliacikova, A. Satanova, J. Zavadsky, and Z. Zavadska, “Quality Cost Monitoring Models in Practice of Woodworking Company in Slovakia,” Procedia Econ. Financ., vol. 26, pp. 77–81, 2015, doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00841-2.
9. E. Psomas, C. Dimitrantzou, F. Vouzas, and N. Bouranta, “Cost of quality measurement in food manufacturing companies: the Greek case,” Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag., vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 1882–1900, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1108/IJPPM-12-2017-0325.
10. A. Alglawe, A. Schiffauerova, and O. Kuzgunkaya, “Analysing the cost of quality within a supply chain using system dynamics approach,” Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell., vol. 30, no. 15–16, pp. 1630–1653, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1080/14783363.2017.1400376.
11. N. Sharma and B. Laishram, “Understanding the relevance and impact of the cost of quality in the construction industry: a systematic literature review using PRISMA,” Constr. Innov., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1707–1726, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1108/CI-08-2023-0197.
12. A. H. Gomaa, “Achieving operational excellence in manufacturing supply chains using lean six sigma: a case study approach,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 614–648, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1108/IJLSS-03-2024-0045.
13. C.-C. Yang, “Improving the definition and quantification of quality costs,” Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 175–191, Mar. 2008, doi: 10.1080/14783360701600563.
14. W. Jabri, K. Azoulay, S. Jemjami, and K. Moustaid, “Optimization of quality costs in pharmacy: analysis, prioritization, and environmental perspectives,” Euro-Mediterranean J. Environ. Integr., vol. 11, no. 2, p. 86, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1007/s41207-025-01049-w.
15. A. M. Reis, A. Dall-Orsoletta, E. Nunes, L. Costa, and S. Sousa, “Quality costs and Industry 4.0: inspection strategy modelling and reviewing,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 136, no. 9, pp. 3883–3897, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s00170-024-13184-9.
16. M. Aramaki, “Service quality cost management in Japanese call centers: study using preventive-appraisal-failure model,” TQM J., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 414–433, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1108/TQM-05-2024-0166.
17. C. Velkoska and M. Tomov, “Understanding and application of quality costs in automotive manufacturing companies in North Macedonia: empirical study,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1463–1484, May 2023, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-01-2022-0032.
18. A. Schiffauerova and V. Thomson, “A review of research on cost of quality models and best practices,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 647–669, Jul. 2006, doi: 10.1108/02656710610672470.
19. P. Spagnoli, L. Defalchidu, P. Vlerick, and L. Jacxsens, “The Relationship between Food Safety Culture Maturity and Cost of Quality: An Empirical Pilot Study in the Food Industry,” Foods, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 571, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.3390/foods13040571.
20. J. Antony, O. McDermott, D. Powell, and M. Sony, “The evolution and future of lean Six Sigma 4.0,” TQM J., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1030–1047, May 2023, doi: 10.1108/TQM-04-2022-0135.
21. I. Alhuraish, C. Robledo, and A. Kobi, “A comparative exploration of lean manufacturing and six sigma in terms of their critical success factors,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 164, pp. 325–337, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.146.
22. A. Adeodu, M. G. Kanakana-Katumba, and M. Rendani, “Implementation of Lean Six Sigma for production process optimization in a paper production company,” J. Ind. Eng. Manag., vol. 14, no. 3, p. 661, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3926/jiem.3479.
23. A. H. Gomaa, “Improving manufacturing efficiency and effectiveness using lean six sigma approach.,” Int. J. Technol. Eng. Stud., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 22–33, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://kkgpublications.com/ijtes-volume8-issue1-article4/
24. A. H. Gomaa, “Improving Productivity and Quality of a Machining Process by Using Lean Six Sigma Approach: A Case Study,” Eng. Res. J., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.21608/erjsh.2023.226742.1194.
25. R. Frederick and D. Wibisono, “Integrated Lean Six Sigma and Statistical Quality Control to Enhance Production Quality in the Beverage Manufacturing,” Eduvest - J. Univers. Stud., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 3082–3099, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.59188/eduvest.v6i2.52481.
26. M. Afandi and M. Hermansyah, “Implementation of Product Quality Improvement Using the Six Sigma Method (DMAIC) to Minimize Defects in the Reusable Diaper Industry,” J. La Soc., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 149–165, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v7i1.2588.
27. D. Heckl, J. Moormann, and M. Rosemann, “Uptake and success factors of Six Sigma in the financial services industry,” Bus. Process Manag. J., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 436–472, Jun. 2010, doi: 10.1108/14637151011049449.
28. V. Raja Sreedharan and R. J. I. J. Raju, “A systematic literature review of Lean Six Sigma in different industries,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 430–466, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1108/IJLSS-12-2015-0050.
29. K. Jeyaraman and L. Kee Teo, “A conceptual framework for critical success factors of lean Six Sigma,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 191–215, Aug. 2010, doi: 10.1108/20401461011075008.
30. J. Antony, R. Snee, and R. Hoerl, “Lean Six Sigma: yesterday, today and tomorrow,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1073–1093, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-03-2016-0035.
31. M. M. Omoush, “Lean six sigma effect on the quality of the products in Jordanian food companies: the moderating role of the manufacturing process,” Int. Rev. Manag. Mark., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1–12, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.32479/irmm.10680.
32. M. V. Ciasullo, A. Douglas, E. Romeo, and N. Capolupo, “Lean Six Sigma and quality performance in Italian public and private hospitals: a gender perspective,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 964–989, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-03-2023-0099.
33. A. H. Gomaa, “Manufacturing supply chain excellence through Lean Six Sigma: A case study approach.,” Glob. J. Ind. Manag., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 2032, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://ojs.sin-chn.com/index.php/GJIM/article/view/2032
34. Y. Trakulsunti, J. Antony, and J. A. Douglas, “Lean Six Sigma implementation and sustainability roadmap for reducing medication errors in hospitals,” TQM J., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 33–55, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1108/TQM-03-2020-0063.
35. D. Yaduvanshi and A. Sharma, “Lean Six Sigma in Health Operations,” J. Health Manag., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 203–213, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.1177/0972063417699665.
36. A. Vashishth, A. Chakraborty, and J. Antony, “Lean Six Sigma in financial services industry: a systematic review and agenda for future research,” Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell., vol. 30, no. 3–4, pp. 447–465, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1080/14783363.2017.1308820.
37. H. Gholami, N. Jamil, M. Z. Mat Saman, D. Streimikiene, S. Sharif, and N. Zakuan, “The application of Green Lean Six Sigma,” Bus. Strateg. Environ., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1913–1931, May 2021, doi: 10.1002/bse.2724.
38. V. Aramoon, E. Aramoon, and A. Bazrkar, “Investigating the Effect of Implementing the Lean Six Sigma on Organizational Performance Based on the Mediating Role of Strategic Knowledge Management with Structural Equation Modeling Approach,” Navus - Rev. Gestão e Tecnol., vol. 10, pp. 01–16, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.22279/navus.2020.v10.p01-16.1302.
39. S. Karthi, S. R. Devadasan, and R. Murugesh, “Integration of Lean Six‐Sigma with ISO 9001:2008 standard,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 309–331, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.1108/20401461111189416.
40. J. Olatunde Omisola, J. Oluwasegun Shiyanbola, and G. Omotunde Osho, “A Predictive Quality Assurance Model Using Lean Six Sigma: Integrating FMEA, SPC, and Root Cause Analysis for Zero-Defect Production Systems,” Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Res. Stud., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1481–1497, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.62225/2583049X.2024.4.6.4051.
41. K. Yang, Q. Wu, and K. Cormican, “From the Great Wall to great workflow: lean six sigma in Chinese listed companies,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 946–971, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1108/IJLSS-07-2024-0152.
42. A. H. Gomaa, “Optimizing Machining Process Performance Using Lean Six Sigma: A Case Study,” Transnatl. Supply Chain Res., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 54–83, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.65773/tscr.1.1.46.
43. E. Gulyaz, V. Venugopal, J. A. van der Veen, and D. M. van Gorp, “Decision support framework for estimating return on lean six sigma projects,” in 20th EurOMA conference, Dublin, Ireland, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267926710
44. M. H. H. Amjad, M. S. S. Shovon, and A. S. M. M. Hasan, “Analyzing Lean Six Sigma Practices In Engineering Project Management: A Comparative Analysis,” Innov. Eng. J., vol. 1, no. 01, pp. 245–255, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.70937/itej.v1i01.27.
45. L. Zhao, J. Gu, J. Abbas, D. Kirikkaleli, and X.-G. Yue, “Does quality management system help organizations in achieving environmental innovation and sustainability goals? A structural analysis,” Econ. Res. Istraživanja, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 2484–2507, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1080/1331677X.2022.2100436.
46. E. Saida and N. Taibi, “ISO 9001 Quality Approach and Performance Literature Review,” Eur. Sci. Journal, ESJ, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 128, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.19044/esj.2021.v17n1p128.
47. Michael Joseph Essien and Gaura Samuel, “Cost of Quality Management and Customers’ Satisfaction in Nigerian Deposit Money Banks (A Case Study of Selected Banks in Uromi, Edo State),” J. Bus. Dev. Manag. Res., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 91–99, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.70382/ajbdmr.v11i7.063.
48. V. Snieska, A. Daunoriene, and A. Zekeviciene, “Hidden Costs in the Evaluation of Quality Failure Costs,” Eng. Econ., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 176–186, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.24.3.1186.
49. J. M. Juran and F. M. Gryna, Quality Planning and Analysis: From Product Development Through Use. in Industrial engineering series. McGraw-Hill, 1993. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.co.id/books?id=w95TAAAAMAAJ
50. A. V Feigenbaum, Total Quality Control. in Industrial engineering series. McGraw-Hill, 1983. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.co.id/books?id=T89TAAAAMAAJ
51. P. B. Crosby, Quality is Free: The Art of Making Quality Certain. in Mentor book. McGraw-Hill, 1979. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.co.id/books?id=n4IubCcpm0EC
52. J. Guinot, J. W. Sinn, M. A. Badar, and J. M. Ulmer, “Cost consequence of failure in failure mode and effect analysis,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1318–1342, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-06-2016-0082.
53. E. Chatzipetrou and O. Moschidis, “A multidimensional longitudinal meta-analysis of quality costing research,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 405–429, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-08-2016-0117.
54. N. Kerfai, B. Bejar Ghadhab, and D. Malouche, “Performance measurement and quality costing in Tunisian manufacturing companies,” TQM J., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 588–596, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1108/TQM-10-2013-0119.
55. M. Plewa, G. Kaiser, and E. Hartmann, “Is quality still free?,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1270–1285, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-11-2014-0189.
56. T. Tambunan, “A conceptual framework of quality cost chain in strategic cost management.,” TQM J., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 762–784, 2024.
57. R. Biadacz, “Quality cost management in the SMEs of Poland,” TQM J., vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1–38, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1108/TQM-09-2019-0223.
58. E. Chatzipetrou and O. Moschidis, “An exploratory analysis of quality costing in Greek F&B enterprises,” TQM J., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 324–341, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1108/TQM-03-2016-0032.
59. T. M. Malik, R. Khalid, A. Zulqarnain, and S. A. Iqbal, “Cost of quality: findings of a wood products ’ manufacturer,” TQM J., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 2–20, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1108/TQM-01-2014-0014.
60. M. Glogovac and J. Filipovic, “Quality costs in practice and an analysis of the factors affecting quality cost management,” Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell., vol. 29, no. 13–14, pp. 1521–1544, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1080/14783363.2016.1273105.
61. J. Guinot, D. Evans, and M. A. Badar, “Cost of quality consideration following product launch in a present worth assessment,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 399–413, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-07-2014-0100.
62. J. Wijdane, A. Lamiaa, and M. Khadija, “Bibliographical review about quality cost management systems in the Moroccan market.,” Int. J. Supply Chain Manag., vol. 11, no. 4, p. 4, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://ojs.excelingtech.co.uk/index.php/IJSCM/article/view/6084
63. L. Ispas, C. Mironeasa, and A. Silvestri, “A Study on the Emergence and Resilience of Integrated Management Systems in Organizations with an Industrial Profile in Romania,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 2401, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.3390/su17062401.
64. C. Böhringer and T. F. Rutherford, “Combining bottom-up and top-down,” Energy Econ., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 574–596, Mar. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2007.03.004.
65. P. Kleindorfer, U. G. Oktem, A. Pariyani, and W. D. Seider, “Assessment of catastrophe risk and potential losses in industry,” Comput. Chem. Eng., vol. 47, pp. 85–96, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2012.06.033.
66. K. Dehnad, Quality Control, Robust Design, and the Taguchi Method. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1472-1.
67. R. Sreedharan V and V. Sunder M, “A novel approach to lean six sigma project management: a conceptual framework and empirical application,” Prod. Plan. Control, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 895–907, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1080/09537287.2018.1492042.
68. S. J. Raval, R. Kant, and R. Shankar, “Analyzing the Lean Six Sigma enabled organizational performance to enhance operational efficiency,” Benchmarking An Int. J., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 2401–2434, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1108/BIJ-05-2019-0221.
69. F. D. Shrafat and M. Ismail, “Structural equation modeling of lean manufacturing practices in a developing country context,” J. Manuf. Technol. Manag., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 122–145, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1108/JMTM-08-2017-0159.
70. F. E. Achibat, A. Lebkiri, E. mahjoub Aouane, H. Lougraimzi, N. Berrid, and A. Maqboul, “Analysis of the Impact of Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing on the Performance of Companies,” Manag. Syst. Prod. Eng., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 191–196, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.2478/mspe-2023-0020.
71. P. Marques, J. Requeijo, P. Saraiva, and F. Frazão‐Guerreiro, “Integrating Six Sigma with ISO 9001,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 36–59, Mar. 2013, doi: 10.1108/20401461311310508.
72. R. EL-Khalil, Z. M. Leffakis, and P. C. Hong, “Impact of improvement tools on standardization and stability goal practices,” J. Manuf. Technol. Manag., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 705–723, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1108/JMTM-08-2019-0289.
73. Y. Goshime, D. Kitaw, and K. Jilcha, “Lean manufacturing as a vehicle for improving productivity and customer satisfaction,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 691–714, May 2019, doi: 10.1108/IJLSS-06-2017-0063.
74. S. Gupta and S. K. Jain, “A literature review of lean manufacturing,” Int. J. Manag. Sci. Eng. Manag., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 241–249, Nov. 2013, doi: 10.1080/17509653.2013.825074.
75. B. Resta, S. Dotti, P. Gaiardelli, and A. Boffelli, “Lean Manufacturing and Sustainability: An Integrated View,” in IFIP International conference on advances in production management systems, 2016, pp. 659–666. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51133-7_78.
76. A. Saenagri, O. Usman, and G. Ishak, “Implementation of Total Productive Maintenance and Lean Manufacturing in the Pharmaceutical Industry: An Empirical Study,” J. Bus. Manag. Stud., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 114–124, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.32996/jbms.2023.5.3.10.
77. I. Belekoukias, J. A. Garza-Reyes, and V. Kumar, “The impact of lean methods and tools on the operational performance of manufacturing organisations,” Int. J. Prod. Res., vol. 52, no. 18, pp. 5346–5366, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1080/00207543.2014.903348.
78. M. Carney, J. Zhao, and L. Zhu, “Lean innovation: Family firm succession and patenting strategy in a dynamic institutional landscape,” J. Fam. Bus. Strateg., vol. 10, no. 4, p. 100247, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jfbs.2018.03.002.
79. S. Nallusamy, “Lean Manufacturing Implementation in a Gear Shaft Manufacturing Company Using Value Stream Mapping,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Africa, vol. 21, pp. 231–237, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/JERA.21.231.
80. L. L. L. Negrão, A. B. Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, H. Latan, M. Godinho Filho, C. J. Chiappetta Jabbour, and G. M. D. Ganga, “Lean manufacturing and business performance: testing the S-curve theory,” Prod. Plan. Control, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 771–785, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1080/09537287.2019.1683775.
81. S. Ardiansyah, R. Prabowo, and S. Hadi, “Analysis of Lean Manufacturing and Agile Manufacturing Implementation to Reduce Waste and Improve Productivity in Crankshaft Repair Production (Case Study: PT. Intidaya Dinamika Sejati–Jember),” J. Teknol. dan Manaj., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 22–30, 2026, [Online]. Available: https://ejurnal.itats.ac.id/jtm/article/view/7957
82. V. Arumugam, J. Antony, and M. Kumar, “Linking learning and knowledge creation to project success in Six Sigma projects: An empirical investigation,” Int. J. Prod. Econ., vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 388–402, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.09.003.
83. D. A. Desai, J. Antony, and M. B. Patel, “An assessment of the critical success factors for Six Sigma implementation in Indian industries,” Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 426–444, Apr. 2012, doi: 10.1108/17410401211212670.
84. V. Gupta, R. Jain, M. L. Meena, and G. S. Dangayach, “Six-sigma application in tire-manufacturing company: a case study,” J. Ind. Eng. Int., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 511–520, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s40092-017-0234-6.
85. A. Trimarjoko, H. Hardi Purba, and A. Nindiani, “Consistency of DMAIC phases implementation on Six Sigma method in manufacturingand service industry: a literature review,” Manag. Prod. Eng. Rev., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 34–45, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.24425/mper.2020.136118.
86. P. Jirasukprasert, J. Arturo Garza-Reyes, V. Kumar, and M. K. Lim, “A Six Sigma and DMAIC application for the reduction of defects in a rubber gloves manufacturing process,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 2–21, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1108/IJLSS-03-2013-0020.
87. M. Patel and D. A. Desai, “Critical review and analysis of measuring the success of Six Sigma implementation in manufacturing sector,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1519–1545, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-04-2017-0081.
88. L. M. Gaikwad, S. N. Teli, V. S. Majali, and U. M. Bhushi, “An Application of Six Sigma to Reduce Supplier Quality Cost,” J. Inst. Eng. Ser. C, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 93–107, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1007/s40032-015-0200-2.
89. Z. He, Y. Deng, M. Zhang, X. Zu, and J. Antony, “An empirical investigation of the relationship between Six Sigma practices and organisational innovation,” Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell., vol. 28, no. 5–6, pp. 459–480, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1080/14783363.2015.1092866.
90. P. D. Sutphin, S. P. Reis, A. McKune, M. Ravanzo, S. P. Kalva, and A. K. Pillai, “Improving Inferior Vena Cava Filter Retrieval Rates with the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control Methodology,” J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 491-498.e1, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.11.030.
91. S. A. Albliwi, J. Antony, and S. A. halim Lim, “A systematic review of Lean Six Sigma for the manufacturing industry,” Bus. Process Manag. J., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 665–691, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.1108/BPMJ-03-2014-0019.
92. M. Assarlind, I. Gremyr, and K. Bäckman, “Multi‐faceted views on a Lean Six Sigma application,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 387–402, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1108/02656711311308385.
93. W. H. Alkunsol, A.-A. A. Sharabati, N. A. AlSalhi, and H. S. El-Tamimi, “Lean Six Sigma effect on Jordanian pharmaceutical industry’s performance,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 23–43, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1108/IJLSS-01-2017-0003.
94. V. Stoiljković, J. Trajković, and B. Stoiljković, “Lean Six Sigma Sample Analysis Process in a Microbiology Laboratory,” J. Med. Biochem., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 346–353, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.2478/v10011-011-0018-2.
95. P. Subramaniyam, K. Srinivasan, and M. Prabaharan, “An innovative lean six sigma approach for engineering design,” Int. J. Innov. Manag. Technol., vol. 2, no. 2, p. 166, 2011, [Online]. Available: https://wwwijimt.org/show-30-597-1.html
96. A. S. Patel and K. M. Patel, “Critical review of literature on Lean Six Sigma methodology,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 627–674, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1108/IJLSS-04-2020-0043.
97. S. Furterer and A. K. Elshennawy, “Implementation of TQM and lean Six Sigma tools in local government: a framework and a case study,” Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell., vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1179–1191, Dec. 2005, doi: 10.1080/14783360500236379.
98. L. B. M. Costa, M. Godinho Filho, L. D. Fredendall, and G. M. D. Ganga, “The effect of Lean Six Sigma practices on food industry performance: Implications of the Sector’s experience and typical characteristics,” Food Control, vol. 112, p. 107110, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107110.
99. P. C. Oprime, M. L. Pimenta, D. Jugend, and R. Andersson, “Financial impacts of innovation in Six Sigma projects,” Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell., vol. 32, no. 7–8, pp. 829–851, May 2021, doi: 10.1080/14783363.2019.1641076.
100. V. Swarnakar, A. R. Singh, and A. K. Tiwari, “Effect of lean six sigma on firm performance: A case of Indian automotive component manufacturing organization,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 46, pp. 9617–9622, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.115.
101. M. Dorval, M.-H. Jobin, and N. Benomar, “Lean culture: a comprehensive systematic literature review,” Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag., vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 920–937, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1108/IJPPM-03-2018-0087.
102. J. Angelis, R. Conti, C. Cooper, and C. Gill, “Building a high‐commitment lean culture,” J. Manuf. Technol. Manag., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 569–586, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1108/17410381111134446.
103. J. Duggan, K. Cormican, and O. McDermott, “Lean implementation: analysis of individual-level factors in a biopharmaceutical organisation,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 309–334, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1108/IJLSS-10-2021-0184.
104. D. O. Connor and K. Cormican, “Leading from the middle: how team leaders implement lean success factors,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 253–275, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1108/IJLSS-11-2020-0194.
105. M. M. Parast, “The effect of Six Sigma projects on innovation and firm performance,” Int. J. Proj. Manag., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 45–55, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.01.006.
106. R. W. Hoerl and M. M. Gardner, “Lean Six Sigma, creativity, and innovation,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 30–38, Mar. 2010, doi: 10.1108/20401461011033149.
107. A. Belhadi, S. S. Kamble, K. Zkik, A. Cherrafi, and F. E. Touriki, “The integrated effect of Big Data Analytics, Lean Six Sigma and Green Manufacturing on the environmental performance of manufacturing companies: The case of North Africa,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 252, p. 119903, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119903.
108. M. Ghobakhloo and T. S. Hong, “IT investments and business performance improvement: the mediating role of lean manufacturing implementation,” Int. J. Prod. Res., vol. 52, no. 18, pp. 5367–5384, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1080/00207543.2014.903348.
109. J. Sarwar et al., “Impact of Stakeholders on Lean Six Sigma Project Costs and Outcomes during Implementation in an Air-Conditioner Manufacturing Industry,” Processes, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 2591, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/pr10122591.
110. H. N. P. Tucci, G. C. de Oliveira Neto, F. L. Rodrigues, B. F. Giannetti, and C. M. V. B. de Almeida, “Six sigma with the blue economy fundamentals to assess the economic and environmental performance in the aircraft refueling process,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 150, p. 111424, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111424.
111. S. Ashok Sarkar, A. Ranjan Mukhopadhyay, and S. K. Ghosh, “Improvement of claim processing cycle time through Lean Six Sigma methodology,” Int. J. Lean Six Sigma, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 171–183, May 2013, doi: 10.1108/20401461311319347.
112. A. Daly, S. P. Teeling, M. Ward, M. McNamara, and C. Robinson, “The Use of Lean Six Sigma for Improving Availability of and Access to Emergency Department Data to Facilitate Patient Flow,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 18, no. 21, p. 11030, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3390/ijerph182111030.
113. C. Delgado, M. Ferreira, and M. Castelo Branco, “The implementation of lean Six Sigma in financial services organizations,” J. Manuf. Technol. Manag., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 512–523, May 2010, doi: 10.1108/17410381011046616.
114. V. Stoiljković, P. Milosavljević, S. Mladenović, D. Pavlović, and M. Todorović, “Improving the Efficiency of the Center for Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Center NiŠ, by Applying Lean Six Sigma Methodology,” J. Med. Biochem., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 299–307, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.2478/jomb-2014-0012.
115. V. Thakur et al., “Use of a Lean Six Sigma approach to investigate excessive quality control (QC) material use and resulting costs.,” Clin. Biochem., vol. 112, pp. 53–60, 2023.
116. I. T. B. Widiwati, S. D. Liman, and F. Nurprihatin, “The implementation of Lean Six Sigma approach to minimize waste at a food manufacturing industry,” J. Eng. Res., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 611–626, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jer.2024.01.022.
117. J. Yamamoto, D. Abraham, and B. Malatestinic, “Improving Insulin Distribution and Administration Safety Using Lean Six Sigma Methodologies,” Hosp. Pharm., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 212–224, Mar. 2010, doi: 10.1310/hpj4503-212.
118. A. L. Setyabudhi, Sanusi, and I. Sipahutar, “Application Of Six Sigma Methodology To Improve the Product Quality Of Moldings Plastic (Case Study: PT Mega Technology Batam),” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 505, no. 1, p. 012067, May 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/505/1/012067.
119. A. H. Gomaa, “A Systematic Review of Lean Six Sigma in Manufacturing Domain,” Eng. Res. J., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 139–148, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.21608/erjsh.2023.217424.1183.
120. W. Tsai, “Quality cost measurement under activity‐based costing,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 719–752, Nov. 1998, doi: 10.1108/02656719810218202.
121. A. Diamandescu, F. Popescu, and V. L. Ionita, “Economic impact of non-quality costs in organizations.,” Manag. Intercult., vol. 16, no. 2, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://seaopenresearch.eu/Journals/articles/MI_31_53.pdf
122. J. Antony, D. Setijono, and J. J. Dahlgaard, “Lean Six Sigma and Innovation – an exploratory study among UK organisations,” Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell., vol. 27, no. 1–2, pp. 124–140, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1080/14783363.2014.959255.
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
All data supporting this study are contained within the article.
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Attia Hussien Gomaa (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.